B\u0130TK\u0130 HASTALIKLARI SAYFAMIZ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nIPM, tek bir m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemine de\u011fil; k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, biyolojik, mekanik, biyoteknik ve kimyasal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne dayan\u0131r. Modern IPM paradigmas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca zararl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda ekonomik s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik, \u00e7evre g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, \u00fcretici ve t\u00fcketici beklentileri ile sosyal kabul edilebilirli\u011fi de i\u00e7eren b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fema, IPM paradigmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rt temel bile\u015fenini g\u00f6stermektedir: Zararl\u0131 Y\u00f6netimi (K\u00fclt\u00fcrel, Biyolojik, Davran\u0131\u015fsal, Fiziksel\/Mekanik, Mikrobiyal, Kimyasal), \u0130leti\u015fim, Planlama & Organizasyon ve Bilgi & Kaynaklar. Bu d\u00f6rt bile\u015fen; ekonomik s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik, \u00e7evre g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, \u00fcretici ve t\u00fcketici beklentileri ile sosyal kabul edilebilirlik \u00e7er\u00e7evesi i\u00e7inde<\/mark> \u015fekillenir.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n IPM Paradigmas\u0131: Ara\u015ft\u0131rma, E\u011fitim, Planlama, Bilgi ve \u0130leti\u015fim
2. IPM’nin S\u00fcrekli \u0130yile\u015ftirme Modeli<\/h2>\n\n\n\n Entegre zararl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi, d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ve s\u00fcrekli geli\u015fen bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. Bu model, bilgiden \u00f6nlemeye, g\u00f6zlemden m\u00fcdahaleye ve de\u011ferlendirmeye kadar be\u015f ad\u0131mdan olu\u015fur: <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tIPM S\u00fcrekli \u0130yile\u015ftirme Modeli (Diyagram)Ad\u0131m 1 –<\/strong> Bilgi:<\/em><\/strong> Ana zararl\u0131lar, ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcleri, do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fmanlar ve yeti\u015ftirme alanlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinme <\/mark>Ad\u0131m 2 – <\/strong>\u00d6nleme:<\/em><\/strong> Alan se\u00e7imi, \u00e7e\u015fit se\u00e7imi, ekim zaman\u0131, su & besin y\u00f6netimi, tarla hijyeni, konuk\u00e7u bitki y\u00f6netimi <\/mark>Ad\u0131m 3 –<\/strong> G\u00f6zlem:<\/em><\/strong> Bitki g\u00f6zlemi, zararl\u0131 tahmin modelleri, feromon tuzaklar\u0131, sar\u0131 yap\u0131\u015fkan tuzaklar <\/mark>Ad\u0131m 4 – <\/strong>M\u00fcdahale:<\/em><\/strong> Mekanik kontroller, biyolojik kontroller, kimyasal kontroller (en son se\u00e7enek) <\/mark>Ad\u0131m 5 – <\/strong>De\u011ferlendirme & Planlama: <\/em><\/strong>\u0130zleme kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irme, dan\u0131\u015fma, uyarlama<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n3. IPM’de Kullan\u0131lan M\u00fccadele Y\u00f6ntemleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<\/span>\n
<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
3.1. Biyolojik M\u00fccadele<\/h5>\n\n\n\n Biyolojik m\u00fccadelede, zararl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n ekonomik e\u015fik alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131nda zararl\u0131lar\u0131n do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fmanlar; predat\u00f6rler (avc\u0131lar), parazitoidler (parazitler) ve entomopatojenler (zararl\u0131 b\u00f6ceklere hastal\u0131k yapan organizmalar) olarak \u00fc\u00e7 grupta incelenir. Do\u011fal D\u00fc\u015fmanlar (Faydal\u0131 B\u00f6cekler)<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tYukar\u0131daki g\u00f6rselde IPM’de s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lan faydal\u0131 b\u00f6cekler g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir: U\u011fur b\u00f6ce\u011fi (Lady bug), Pirat b\u00f6ce\u011fi (Minute pirate bug), B\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6zl\u00fc b\u00f6cek (Big-eyed bug), Tachinid sine\u011fi (Tachnid fly), Sinek (Hover fly), Lacewing, Asker b\u00f6ce\u011fi (Soldier beetle), Suikast\u00e7\u0131 b\u00f6cek (Assassin bug), Predat\u00f6r e\u015fekar\u0131s\u0131 (Predatory wasps) ve Parazitoid e\u015fekar\u0131s\u0131 (Parasitic wasps). Bu organizmalar, zararl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutarak kimyasal m\u00fccadele ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azalt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6nemli biyolojik m\u00fccadele ajanlar\u0131:<\/mark><\/strong>Trichogramma spp.:<\/mark>Yumurta parazitoidi olarak \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r, sal\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131larak zararl\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131nda tutulur.Bracon hebetor:<\/mark>Ba\u011f salk\u0131m g\u00fcvesi gibi zararl\u0131lar\u0131n larvalar\u0131na parazit olan faydal\u0131 bir ar\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Entomopatojen nematodlar:<\/mark>Toprakta ya\u015fayan zararl\u0131 b\u00f6ceklerin kontrol\u00fcnde etkilidir.Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt):<\/mark>Biyolojik insektisit olarak kullan\u0131lan bakteri t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/span>\n
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3.2. Biyoteknik M\u00fccadele: <\/h5>\n\n\n\n Feromon Tuzaklar\u0131 :<\/mark> <\/strong>Biyoteknik m\u00fccadelede, b\u00f6ceklerin biyoloji, fizyoloji ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00fczerine etkili olan maddeler kullan\u0131larak onlar\u0131n normal ya\u015fama d\u00fczenlerini bozmak suretiyle say\u0131lar\u0131 azalt\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Feromon tuzaklar\u0131, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biridir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\nM\u0131s\u0131r Tarlas\u0131nda Feromon Tuzaklar\u0131<\/h4>\n\n\n\n Bu tuzaklar, erkek b\u00f6cekleri \u00e7iftle\u015fme davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bozmak veya pop\u00fclasyon yo\u011funlu\u011funu izlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
\nPatl\u0131can Tarlas\u0131nda Feromon Tuzak Uygulamas\u0131 <\/h4>\n\n\n\n Patl\u0131can tarlas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan feromon tuzaklar\u0131, zararl\u0131lar\u0131n erken tespiti ve pop\u00fclasyon takibi i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
\nAk\u0131ll\u0131 Feromon Tuzak Sistemi<\/h4>\n\n\n\n Modern teknolojinin entegre edildi\u011fi ak\u0131ll\u0131 feromon tuzak sistemi, solar enerji ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak uzaktan izleme ve veri toplama imkan\u0131 sunar. Bu sistemler, IPM’de erken uyar\u0131 ve hassas m\u00fcdahale i\u00e7in devrim niteli\u011finde bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
3.3. B\u00fct\u00fcnsel IPM Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/h5>\n\n\n\nIPM, biyolojik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, fiziksel\/mekanik, teknolojik entegrasyon ve son \u00e7are olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck toksisitlei hedefli pestisitlerin bir arada kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. IPM: B\u00fct\u00fcnsel Yakla\u015f\u0131m(\u0130nfografik) Yukar\u0131daki infografik, IPM’nin be\u015f temel s\u00fctununu \u00f6zetlemektedir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n1.Biyolojik Kontroller: <\/h4>\n\n\n\n Faydal\u0131 organizmalar\u0131 veya insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 etkilemeden zararl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2.K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Uygulamalar:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n M\u00fcnavebe, \u00e7i\u00e7ek \u015feritleri, yerli bitkiler .<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.Fiziksel ve Mekanik Kontroller: <\/h4>\n\n\n\n Bariyerler, tuzaklar ve manuel temizleme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4.Teknolojik Entegrasyon:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n Hassas m\u00fcdahaleler, hedefli biyolojik ajan sal\u0131m\u0131 veya minimal sentetik kimyasal uygulama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
5.Son \u00c7are:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck Toksisiteli, Hedefli Pestisitler: Hedef d\u0131\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcrlere ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck riskli sentetik kimyasallar.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
4. IPM Uygulama \u00d6rnekleri:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n \u00c7ay\u0131r ve Mera Y\u00f6netimi IPM prensipleri yaln\u0131zca tarla bitkileri i\u00e7in de\u011fil; \u00e7ay\u0131r, mera ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u015fletmeleri i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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1.Toprak Yap\u0131s\u0131 ve Drenaj\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesi<\/span>+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n
Toprak S\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Giderilmesi:<\/strong> A\u011f\u0131r i\u015f makineleri veya yo\u011fun otlatma kaynakl\u0131 toprak s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 dipkazan (subsoiler) kullanarak patlatmak, k\u00f6k geli\u015fimini art\u0131r\u0131r.Drenaj Kanallar\u0131n\u0131n Bak\u0131m\u0131:<\/strong> Tabandan su kesen alanlarda drenaj\u0131 d\u00fczelterek, rutubetli seven istilac\u0131 yabanc\u0131 otlar\u0131n (\u00f6rne\u011fin kofal\u0131k veya saz) yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek.Toprak Havaland\u0131rmas\u0131 (Aerasyon):<\/strong> \u00c7ay\u0131r y\u00fczeyini t\u0131rm\u0131klayarak veya delikli silindirler ge\u00e7irilerek ke\u00e7ele\u015fmi\u015f organik tabakay\u0131 k\u0131rmak ve k\u00f6klerin hava almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
2.Ot Pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00f6netimi<\/span>+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n
Rotasyonel (M\u00fcnavebeli) Otlatma:<\/strong> \u00c7ay\u0131r\u0131 b\u00f6lmelere ay\u0131rarak s\u0131rayla otlatmak, faydal\u0131 otlara kendini yenileme f\u0131rsat\u0131 verir ve yabanc\u0131 ot bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r.A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Otlatman\u0131n \u00d6nlenmesi:<\/strong> Ot boyu belirli bir seviyenin (genellikle 5-8 cm) alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmeden hayvanlar\u0131 sahadan \u00e7ekerek toprakta \u00e7\u0131plak alan kalmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek.Mekanik Bi\u00e7im (Temizlik Bi\u00e7imi):<\/strong> Yabanc\u0131 otlar tohum ba\u011flamadan \u00f6nce, \u00e7i\u00e7eklenme d\u00f6neminde \u00e7ay\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7erek tohum bankas\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesini durdurmak.Se\u00e7ici Hayvan T\u00fcr\u00fc Kullan\u0131m\u0131:<\/strong> S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar\u0131n yoruldu\u011fu veya yemedi\u011fi dikenli\/odunsu otlar\u0131 t\u00fcketmeleri i\u00e7in sahaya koyun veya ke\u00e7i gibi farkl\u0131 ruminantlar\u0131 salmak.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
3.G\u00fcbre ve Azot Y\u00f6netimi<\/span>+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n
D\u00fczenli Toprak Analizi:<\/strong> Her 2-3 y\u0131lda bir toprak analizi yaparak sadece topra\u011f\u0131n ve bitkinin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu miktarda besin elementi uygulamak.Par\u00e7al\u0131 Azot Uygulamas\u0131:<\/strong> Azotlu g\u00fcbreleri tek seferde de\u011fil, bitkinin b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6nemlerine b\u00f6lerek vermek; b\u00f6ylece hem y\u0131kanmay\u0131 \u00f6nlemek hem de yabanc\u0131 otlar\u0131 beslememek.Hayvan G\u00fcbresinin Homojen Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131:<\/strong> Merada biriken d\u0131\u015fk\u0131 y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0131rm\u0131k yard\u0131m\u0131yla yayarak, belirli b\u00f6lgelerde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 azot birikmesini ve yabani ot \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 engellemek.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
4.Biyolojik \u00c7e\u015fitlili\u011fin Art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span>+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n
Baklagil Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 Ekimi:<\/strong> \u00c7ay\u0131ra yonca, \u00fc\u00e7g\u00fcl veya korunga gibi baklagiller ekerek topra\u011fa do\u011fal yoldan azot ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak.\u00c7ok T\u00fcrl\u00fc Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar (Polycropping):<\/strong> Tek tip \u00e7imen yerine farkl\u0131 k\u00f6k derinliklerine ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6nemlerine sahip yerli ot t\u00fcrlerini bir arada ekerek ekosistemi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek.Yararl\u0131 B\u00f6cek Habitatlar\u0131:<\/strong> \u00c7ay\u0131r kenarlar\u0131nda do\u011fal \u00e7itler veya \u00e7i\u00e7ek \u015feritleri b\u0131rakarak zararl\u0131 ot\/b\u00f6ceklerle beslenen avc\u0131 b\u00f6cek pop\u00fclasyonunu desteklemek.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
5.Su Yollar\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131<\/span>+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n
Tampon \u015eeritler (Buffer Zones):<\/strong> \u00c7ay\u0131r i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7en dere ve akarsu kenarlar\u0131nda ila\u00e7lama ve g\u00fcbreleme yap\u0131lmayan, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc zengin koruma bantlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmak.K\u0131y\u0131 Alanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7itlenmesi:<\/strong> Hayvanlar\u0131n su kaynaklar\u0131na do\u011frudan girmesini engelleyerek erozyonu, su kirlili\u011fini ve su kenar\u0131 istilac\u0131 otlar\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek.Alternatif Suluk Sistemleri:<\/strong> Hayvanlar\u0131n su ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 nehirlerden de\u011fil, mera i\u00e7ine kurulan g\u00fcne\u015f enerjili veya mekanik d\u0131\u015f suluklardan kar\u015f\u0131lamak.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
6.Pestisit Kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Minimize Edilmesi<\/span>+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n
Ekonomik Zarar E\u015fi\u011fi Takibi:<\/strong> Kimyasal ila\u00e7lamaya sadece zararl\u0131 veya yabanc\u0131 ot yo\u011funlu\u011fu ekonomik kay\u0131p s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ti\u011finde ba\u015fvurmak.Noktasal (Lokal) \u0130la\u00e7lama:<\/strong> T\u00fcm meray\u0131 ila\u00e7lamak yerine, sadece yabanc\u0131 otun yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 lokal alanlara s\u0131rt pompas\u0131 veya hassas makinelerle m\u00fcdahale etmek.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n5. T\u00fcrkiye’de IPM Uygulamalar\u0131 ve T.C. Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n Rol\u00fc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcrkiye’de entegre m\u00fccadele \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 1970’li y\u0131llarda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, ancak uygulama 1995 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 hale gelmi\u015ftir. T.C. Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, entegre m\u00fccadele projelerinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi konusunda kapsaml\u0131 bir talimatname haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
5.1. IPM Projelerinin Ana Hedefleri<\/h5>\n\n\n\n Bakanl\u0131k talimatnamesine g\u00f6re entegre m\u00fccadele projelerinin ana hedefleri \u015funlard\u0131r:Bitkisel \u00fcretimin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, kaliteli ve pestisit sorunu bulunmayan \u00fcr\u00fcn elde edilmesi Do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve desteklenmesi Tarla, bah\u00e7e ve ba\u011flar\u0131n periyodik olarak kontrol edilmesi \u00c7ift\u00e7ilerin kendi tarlas\u0131, bah\u00e7esi ve ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n uzman\u0131 haline getirilmesi Pestisitlerin \u00e7evreye bula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n 5.2. IPM Organizasyon Yap\u0131s\u0131Entegre m\u00fccadele projeleri;<\/h5>\n\n\n\n Bakanl\u0131k, ara\u015ft\u0131rma enstit\u00fcleri, \u00fcniversiteler, Tar\u0131m \u0130l ve \u0130l\u00e7e M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fckleri, resmi olmayan kurulu\u015flar, \u00e7ift\u00e7i birlikleri ve \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin i\u015fbirli\u011fi halinde uygulan\u0131r. Organizasyon yap\u0131s\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekildedir: Merkez d\u00fczeyinde: Entegre M\u00fccadele Merkez Komisyonu ve Proje Koordinat\u00f6r\u00fc B\u00f6lge d\u00fczeyinde: Entegre M\u00fccadele B\u00f6lge Lideri \u0130l d\u00fczeyinde: Entegre M\u00fccadele \u0130l Sorumlusu \u0130l\u00e7e d\u00fczeyinde: Entegre M\u00fccadele \u0130l\u00e7e Sorumlusu K\u00f6y d\u00fczeyinde: Entegre M\u00fccadele Uygulama Ekibi ve \u00f6nder \u00e7ift\u00e7iler <\/p>\n\n\n\n
5.3. Bitki Koruma \u00dcr\u00fcnlerinin Risk De\u011ferlendirmesi<\/h5>\n\n\n\n Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, IPM programlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lacak bitki koruma \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin se\u00e7iminde kapsaml\u0131 risk de\u011ferlendirmeleri y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir. Bu de\u011ferlendirmelerde: Aktif maddelerin memeli hayvanlara etkisi, bal\u0131klara etkisi, hedef d\u0131\u015f\u0131 organizmalara (parazitoitler, predat\u00f6rler, pollinat\u00f6rler) etkisi, topraktaki kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve balar\u0131lar\u0131na etkileri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n6. T\u00fcrkiye’de \u00d6nemli Tar\u0131msal Zararl\u0131lar ve IPM Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcrkiye’nin tar\u0131msal \u00fcretiminde \u00f6nemli verim kay\u0131plar\u0131na neden olan ba\u015fl\u0131ca zararl\u0131lar, entegre zararl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi stratejileriyle kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
6.1. Ba\u011f Salk\u0131m G\u00fcvesi (Lobesia botrana)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n \u00dcz\u00fcm \u00fcretiminin en \u00f6nemli zararl\u0131s\u0131 olan ba\u011f salk\u0131m g\u00fcvesi (Lobesia botrana), T\u00fcrkiye’nin t\u00fcm ba\u011f alanlar\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu zararl\u0131, \u00fcz\u00fcm salk\u0131mlar\u0131nda \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck salk\u0131m hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na neden olarak hem verim hem de kalite kay\u0131plar\u0131 yarat\u0131r. Larvalar salk\u0131m tanelerini delerek beslendiklerinde, taneler \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye ba\u015flar ve ikincil mikroorganizmalar\u0131n geli\u015fmesine zemin haz\u0131rlarlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tBa\u011f Salk\u0131m G\u00fcvesi (Lobesia botrana) ve Feromon Tuza\u011f\u0131 Uygulamas\u0131<\/mark>IPM Stratejileri:<\/strong>K\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda budama art\u0131klar\u0131 ve g\u00f6vde \u00fczerindeki yumurta paketlerinin mekanik olarak temizlenmesi Trichogramma spp. sal\u0131m\u0131 (yumurta parazitoidi) Bracon hebetor sal\u0131m\u0131 (larval parazitoidi) Feromon tuzaklar\u0131yla pop\u00fclasyon izleme ve erken uyar\u0131 \u00c7iftle\u015fmeyi engelleme (mating disruption) uygulamalar\u0131<\/mark> Gerekli durumlarda se\u00e7ici ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck toksisiteli insektisitlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 6.2. Domates G\u00fcvesi (Tuta absoluta \/ Phthorimaea absoluta)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n Domates g\u00fcvesi, 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye’de ilk olarak \u0130zmir’de g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve \u00f6zellikle Akdeniz ve Ege b\u00f6lgelerinde domates yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fine ciddi zararlar vermektedir. \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tDomates G\u00fcvesi Zarar\u0131 ve IPM Uygulamalar\u0131IPM Stratejileri:<\/strong>Enfeste bitki art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n imhas\u0131 ve tarla hijyeni Sar\u0131 yap\u0131\u015fkan tuzaklarla yeti\u015fkin izleme Feromon tuzaklar\u0131yla pop\u00fclasyon yo\u011funlu\u011funun takibi Nesidiocoris tenuis (predat\u00f6r b\u00f6cek) gibi biyolojik m\u00fccadele ajanlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) uygulamalar\u0131 D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck toksisiteli insektisitlerin son \u00e7are olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n6.3. M\u0131s\u0131r Ko\u00e7an Kurdu (Sesamia nonagrioides)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n M\u0131s\u0131r bitkisinin \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 (tane, silaj, ko\u00e7an, ni\u015fasta, biyoetanol vb.) ve tar\u0131mdaki artan \u00f6nemi, m\u0131s\u0131r zararl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131nda da \u00f6nemli bir art\u0131\u015fa neden olmu\u015ftur. M\u0131s\u0131r ko\u00e7an kurdu (Sesamia nonagrioides), \u00f6zellikle ko\u00e7an ve g\u00f6vde i\u00e7inde beslenerek bitkinin besin ta\u015f\u0131ma sistemini bozar ve verim kay\u0131plar\u0131na neden olur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tIPM Stratejileri:<\/strong>Dayan\u0131kl\u0131 m\u0131s\u0131r \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r n\u00f6beti d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bitkilerin ekimi (m\u00fcnavebe) Feromon tuzaklar\u0131yla yeti\u015fkin pop\u00fclasyonunun izlenmesi Trichogramma spp. sal\u0131m\u0131 (yumurta parazitoidi) Entomopatojen nematodlar\u0131n (Steinernema, Heterorhabditis) toprak uygulamalar\u0131 Beauveria bassiana gibi entomopatojen funguslar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) tohum kaplamas\u0131 veya p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme uygulamalar\u0131<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n6.4. Kahverengi Kokarca (Halyomorpha halys)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n \u0130stilac\u0131 bir t\u00fcr olan kahverengi kokarca (Halyomorpha halys), T\u00fcrkiye’de bir\u00e7ok tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcne (elma, armut, \u015feftali, domates, biber, fasulye, m\u0131s\u0131r, soya vb.) zarar vermektedir. Bu zararl\u0131, meyve ve sebzeleri sokarak beslendi\u011finde “cat facing” (y\u00fcz \u00e7atla\u011f\u0131) olarak bilinen deformasyonlara neden olur ve \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn pazar de\u011ferini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda ev ve binalara toplu halde giri\u015f yaparak hanehalk\u0131 rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da yarat\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t IPM Stratejileri:<\/strong>K\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda binalar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f cephelerindeki toplu haldeki bireylerin mekanik olarak temizlenmesi Bahar d\u00f6neminde a\u011fa\u00e7 ve bitkilerdeki yumurta paketlerinin elle toplanmas\u0131 ve imhas\u0131 Samurai wasp (Trissolcus japonicus) gibi parazitoid e\u015fekar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n biyolojik m\u00fccadelede kullan\u0131m\u0131 Feromon ve besin bazl\u0131 tuzaklarla pop\u00fclasyon izleme Kitle tuzaklama uygulamalar\u0131 Se\u00e7ici insektisitlerin son \u00e7are olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n6.5. Zeytin G\u00fcvesi (Prays oleae)<\/h5>\n\n\n\n Zeytin yeti\u015ftiricili\u011finin \u00f6nemli zararl\u0131s\u0131 olan zeytin g\u00fcvesi (Prays oleae), \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 nesil (filoksofag, antofag ve karpofag) ile zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131na zarar verir. Filoksofag nesil yapraklarda madencilik yapar, antofag nesil \u00e7i\u00e7eklere zarar vererek d\u00f6k\u00fclmeye neden olur, karpofag nesil ise meyvelere zarar vererek verim kay\u0131plar\u0131 yarat\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle karpofag nesil, zeytin ya\u011f\u0131 kalitesini de olumsuz etkiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t IPM Stratejileri:<\/strong>D\u00f6k\u00fclen zeytin meyvelerinin toplanmas\u0131 ve imhas\u0131 (karpofag nesil kontrol\u00fc) A\u011f olu\u015fturan s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin budanmas\u0131 ve temizlenmesi (antofag nesil kontrol\u00fc) Feromon tuzaklar\u0131yla yeti\u015fkin pop\u00fclasyonunun izlenmesi Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) uygulamalar\u0131 Kaolin kil uygulamalar\u0131 (fiziksel bariyer) Zeytin sine\u011fi (Bactrocera oleae) ile ortak m\u00fccadele programlar\u0131 Gerekli durumlarda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck toksisiteli insektisitlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n7. Ziraat Fak\u00fcltelerinin IPM \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na Katk\u0131s\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcrkiye’deki ziraat fak\u00fclteleri, entegre zararl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi konusunda hem e\u011fitim hem de ara\u015ft\u0131rma faaliyetleri y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
7.1. Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi<\/h5>\n\n\n\n Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi Bitki Koruma B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc,<\/mark> IPM stratejileriyle zararl\u0131lar kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir. B\u00f6l\u00fcmde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar; m\u0131s\u0131r ko\u00e7an kurdu, ba\u011f salk\u0131m g\u00fcvesi, domates g\u00fcvesi ve istilac\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin m\u00fccadelesi gibi konularda entegre yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6\u011frenci kongrelerinde sunulan bildiriler, IPM’nin uygulamal\u0131 boyutunu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n7.2. Akdeniz \u00dcniversitesi Ziraat Fak\u00fcltesi<\/h5>\n\n\n\n Akdeniz \u00dcniversitesi Bitki Koruma B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/mark>, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkilerini incelemekte ve bu de\u011fi\u015fime uygun IPM stratejileri geli\u015ftirmektedir. \u00d6zellikle nem, \u0131\u015f\u0131k, ozon ve hava kirleticilerinin zararl\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131na neden oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, b\u00f6lgesel IPM programlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n7.3. Yabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversiteler ve IPM Kaynaklar\u0131<\/h5>\n\n\n\n Entegre zararl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi konusunda d\u00fcnya genelinde bir\u00e7ok \u00fcniversite kapsaml\u0131 kaynaklar sunmaktad\u0131r:University of California (UC IPM):<\/mark> Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi, b\u00f6lgesel zararl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi k\u0131lavuzlar\u0131, pestisit etki veritabanlar\u0131 ve e\u011fitim materyalleri ile IPM uygulamalar\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmektedir. University of Minnesota:<\/mark> Entegre zararl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi konusunda b\u00f6lgesel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve tarla g\u00fcnleri d\u00fczenlemektedir. Cornell University:<\/mark> Sebze \u00fcretiminde entegre m\u00fccadele k\u0131lavuzlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r.University of Florida:<\/mark> Faydal\u0131 nematodlar ve biyolojik kontrol konusunda \u00f6nemli kaynaklar sunmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n8. IPM’nin Faydalar\u0131 ve S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Tar\u0131ma Katk\u0131s\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Entegre zararl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi, sadece zararl\u0131lar\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na almakla kalmaz; ayn\u0131 zamanda tar\u0131msal ekosistemin b\u00fct\u00fcnsel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korur. IPM’nin temel faydalar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r: S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 Bitkisel \u00fcretimde kalite ve verimin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Pestisit kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 veya engellenmesi \u00c7evre direncinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin ve do\u011fal dengenin korunmas\u0131 \u0130la\u00e7 ve ila\u00e7lama giderlerinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 Zararl\u0131 organizmalar\u0131n kimyasallara kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7 geli\u015ftirmelerinin geciktirilmesi \u0130nsan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
9. Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Tar\u0131msal zararl\u0131larla m\u00fccadelede tek y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kimyasal kullan\u0131m\u0131, uzun vadede \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmden \u00e7ok sorun yaratmaktad\u0131r. Entegre Zararl\u0131 Y\u00f6netimi (IPM)<\/mark>, bilimsel temellere dayanan, \u00e7evre dostu ve ekonomik olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n 1.T.C. Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, “Entegre M\u00fccadele Projelerinin Y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi Hakk\u0131nda Talimat” https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/tur90641.pdf<\/a> https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/tr\/pub\/jotaf\/article\/1397837<\/a> https:\/\/www.antalyaborsa.org.tr\/haber\/11369\/iklim-degisiyor-hastalik-ve-zararli-sayisi-artiyor<\/a> https:\/\/www.paradigmaakademiyayinlari.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/tarimda-entegre.pdf<\/a> https:\/\/ipm.ucanr.edu\/what-is-ipm\/<\/a> https:\/\/swroc.cfans.umn.edu\/research\/ipm<\/a> https:\/\/edis.ifas.ufl.edu\/in096<\/a> http:\/\/ipmworld.umn.edu\/<\/a> https:\/\/entomologytoday.org\/2019\/05\/15\/modern-ipm-wider-view-key-influences-integrated-pest-management\/<\/a> https:\/\/www.farmbiosecurity.com.au\/what-is-integrated-pest-management\/<\/a> https:\/\/www.sustainableagriculture.eco\/post\/advancing-safer-farming-pesticide-risk-reduction-through-integrated-pest-management<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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\u2022 2026 \u2022 SAHA NOTLARI \u2022<\/div>\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/tazehayat.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/ipm_paradigma_diyagram_1.webp\" "\\"ipm_paradigma_diyagram_1\\"")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n![\"IPM](\"https:\/\/tazehayat.com.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/ipm_paradigma_diyagram_2-1024x576.webp\")