{"id":8146,"date":"2026-10-05T11:04:35","date_gmt":"2026-10-05T08:04:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tazehayat.com.tr\/?p=8146"},"modified":"2026-10-05T11:04:39","modified_gmt":"2026-10-05T08:04:39","slug":"yer-fistigi-yetistiriciligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tazehayat.com.tr\/index.php\/2026\/10\/05\/yer-fistigi-yetistiriciligi\/","title":{"rendered":"Yer F\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi: Ekim, Bak\u0131m ve Hasat"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Yer F\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi<\/h1>\n\n\n\n


Yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Arachis hypogaea<\/em>), \u00e7i\u00e7ekleri toprak \u00fcst\u00fcnde a\u00e7mas\u0131na ra\u011fmen meyveleri toprak alt\u0131nda geli\u015fen bir baklagildir. \u00c7i\u00e7ek d\u00f6llendikten sonra olu\u015fan ve ginofor<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen uzant\u0131 topra\u011fa girer; bakla burada b\u00fcy\u00fcr. Bu \u00f6zellik, tarla se\u00e7iminden \u00e7apalamaya ve hasada kadar pek \u00e7ok karar\u0131 etkiler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Yer<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00fcretim i\u00e7in s\u0131cak bir yeti\u015fme d\u00f6nemi, iyi drene olan gev\u015fek toprak, uygun tohumluk ve zaman\u0131nda hasat gerekir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcler ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 rehberidir; \u00e7e\u015fit, toprak ve b\u00f6lge ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re ekim plan\u0131 yerel olarak uyarlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130klim ve toprak se\u00e7imi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve g\u00fcne\u015f isteyen bir bitkidir. So\u011fuk, \u0131slak topra\u011fa yap\u0131lan ekimde \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yava\u015flayabilir ve fide kay\u0131plar\u0131 artabilir. Ekim i\u00e7in takvim g\u00fcn\u00fcnden \u00e7ok tohumun yerle\u015ftirilece\u011fi derinlikteki toprak s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve tav\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> izlemek gerekir. University of Florida\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcretim rehberi, h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7imlenme ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 \u00b0C\u2019nin \u00fczerindeki<\/strong> nemli topra\u011f\u0131 esas al\u0131r. ask.ifas.ufl.edu<\/a>

Gev\u015fek, iyi drene olan kumlu t\u0131nl\u0131 topraklar uygundur. A\u011f\u0131r, s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f veya su tutan topraklarda ginoforlar\u0131n topra\u011fa girmesi ve baklalar\u0131n s\u00f6k\u00fclmesi g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015fir. Tarla se\u00e7iminde ta\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k, taban suyu ve hasatta kullan\u0131lacak ekipman da de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. igdir.tarimorman.gov.tr<\/a>

Trakya i\u00e7in karar noktas\u0131:<\/strong> <\/mark>Yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131na yaln\u0131zca \u201cb\u00f6lgede yeti\u015fir\u201d varsay\u0131m\u0131yla geni\u015f alan ay\u0131rmak do\u011fru olmaz. Se\u00e7ilen parselin toprak yap\u0131s\u0131, ilkbahar \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fidin olgunla\u015fma s\u00fcresi ve sonbaharda kurutma imk\u00e2n\u0131 birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. \u00d6nce k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir deneme alan\u0131 kurmak daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7t\u0131r. <\/mark>Toprak Analizi<\/mark><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7e\u015fit ve tohumluk se\u00e7imi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7e\u015fit se\u00e7erken pazarlama amac\u0131, yeti\u015fme s\u00fcresi, bakla ve tane \u00f6zellikleri ile b\u00f6lgedeki deneme sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tohumluk dolgun, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek \u00e7imlenme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya zedelenmi\u015f i\u00e7 tohumlar d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 azaltabilir. Tohumluk i\u00e7in g\u00fcncel \u00e7e\u015fit ve tedarik bilgisini il veya il\u00e7e tar\u0131m m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile g\u00fcvenilir tedarik\u00e7iden do\u011frulay\u0131n.
Tohumluk ve \u00c7e\u015fit Se\u00e7imi <\/mark><\/strong><\/a>

Yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131, uygun bakterilerle ortak ya\u015fam kurarak azot ba\u011flayabilir. Tarlada etkili bakteri varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmiyorsa yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131na uygun Rhizobium\/Bradyrhizobium a\u015f\u0131s\u0131<\/mark><\/strong> konusunda yerel teknik destek al\u0131n. A\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131, saklanmas\u0131 ve tohum uygulamas\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn etiketine g\u00f6re yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toprak haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ekim<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tohum yata\u011f\u0131, \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in yeterli tav\u0131 korurken ginoforlar\u0131n girebilece\u011fi gev\u015fek bir \u00fcst katman sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r. Kesekleri ve s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 azalt\u0131n; topra\u011f\u0131 gereksiz i\u015flemlerle kurutmay\u0131n. Ana \u00fcr\u00fcn ve ikinci \u00fcr\u00fcn ekiminde haz\u0131rl\u0131k takvimi farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kinci \u00fcr\u00fcn planlan\u0131yorsa \u00f6nceki \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn hasat tarihi ile yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olgunla\u015fmas\u0131na kalacak s\u0131cak d\u00f6nem birlikte hesaplanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Yer<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

University of Florida rehberinde hafif topraklar i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 4\u20137,5 cm<\/strong>, daha a\u011f\u0131r topraklar i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 4\u20135 cm<\/strong> ekim derinli\u011fi aral\u0131klar\u0131 verilir. Bunlar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin her tarlas\u0131 i\u00e7in sabit bir ayar de\u011fildir. Tohumun nemli katmana yerle\u015fmesi ve y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kabilecek derinlikte kalmas\u0131 esast\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 rehberde s\u0131ra aras\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 76\u201391 cm<\/strong> olarak ge\u00e7er; yerel \u00e7e\u015fit ve makine d\u00fczeni farkl\u0131 bir se\u00e7im gerektirebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcbreleme: azot ve kalsiyuma dikkat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcbreleme program\u0131 toprak analizine g\u00f6re kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131 baklagil oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yeterli k\u00f6k nod\u00fcl\u00fc olu\u015ftu\u011funda azot gereksiniminin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc biyolojik yolla kar\u015f\u0131lar. Bu nedenle ba\u015fka bir \u00fcr\u00fcne ait standart azot re\u00e7etesini yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131na uygulamay\u0131n. \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f sonras\u0131 bitki geli\u015fimi ve nod\u00fcl olu\u015fumu, besleme karar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir.

Kalsiyum, baklalar\u0131n geli\u015fti\u011fi toprak katman\u0131nda bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/mark><\/strong> Yaln\u0131zca k\u00f6k b\u00f6lgesindeki toplam kalsiyuma bakmak yeterli olmayabilir. Toprak analizi eksiklik g\u00f6steriyorsa uygun kalsiyum kayna\u011f\u0131, miktar\u0131 ve uygulama zaman\u0131 i\u00e7in yerel uzman \u00f6nerisi al\u0131n. Gereksiz yere jips uygulamak yerine \u00f6nce ihtiya\u00e7 belirlenmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sulama ve tarla bak\u0131m\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131nda su ihtiyac\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131\u015fa, topra\u011fa ve geli\u015fme d\u00f6nemine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. \u00d6zellikle \u00e7i\u00e7eklenme, ginoforlar\u0131n topra\u011fa giri\u015fi ve bakla geli\u015fimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcreli su stresi verim ve kaliteyi etkileyebilir. Sulama karar\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca yaprak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcne ba\u011flamay\u0131n; k\u00f6k b\u00f6lgesindeki nemi, hava durumunu ve drenaj\u0131 birlikte izleyin. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sulama da hastal\u0131k ve bakla \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc riskini art\u0131rabilir.
Sulama Zamanlamas\u0131 ve Su Tasarrufu Teknikleri<\/strong><\/mark><\/a>

Yabanc\u0131 ot m\u00fccadelesinde erken d\u00f6nem kritiktir. \u00c7apalama veya bo\u011faz doldurma gerekiyorsa bunu bitki ve baklalar zarar g\u00f6rmeden, zaman\u0131nda yap\u0131n. Ginoforlar topra\u011fa girmeye ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra derin \u00e7apalama ve topra\u011f\u0131 kuvvetle hareket ettirme i\u015flemlerinden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n.<\/strong> <\/mark>Sezon boyunca yaprak lekeleri, k\u00f6k ve g\u00f6vde \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fckleri ile zararl\u0131lar i\u00e7in tarlay\u0131 d\u00fczenli kontrol edin; bitki koruma \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc karar\u0131 vermeden \u00f6nce te\u015fhis ve g\u00fcncel ruhsat durumunu do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hasat zaman\u0131 nas\u0131l belirlenir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn baklalar ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn olgunla\u015fmaz. Bu y\u00fczden yaln\u0131zca ekimden sonra ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 veya yapraklar\u0131n sararmas\u0131yla hasat karar\u0131 vermeyin. Tarlan\u0131n birka\u00e7 noktas\u0131ndan bitki s\u00f6k\u00fcp baklalar\u0131n dolulu\u011funu ve olgunlu\u011funu inceleyin. Erken s\u00f6k\u00fcmde olgunla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f baklalar artar; ge\u00e7 s\u00f6k\u00fcmde baklalar\u0131n toprakta kalmas\u0131 ve kalite kayb\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. \u00c7e\u015fit ve hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 hasat zaman\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Olgunla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6k\u00fcmde toprak ne \u00e7ok \u0131slak ne de baklalar\u0131 koparacak kadar kuru olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Makine ayar\u0131, baklalar\u0131 bitkiden ay\u0131rmadan kald\u0131racak ve \u00fcr\u00fcne m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca az zarar verecek \u015fekilde kontrol edilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurutma ve depolama: kaliteyi koruyan son a\u015fama<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Yeni s\u00f6k\u00fclen yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131 depoya do\u011frudan al\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcr\u00fcn gecikmeden ve kontroll\u00fc bi\u00e7imde kurutulmal\u0131; ya\u011fmurdan ve yeniden nemlenmeden korunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yetersiz kurutma, k\u00fcf ve aflatoksin <\/mark><\/strong>riskini y\u00fckseltir. Hasat ve kurutma s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u0131r\u0131k, zedelenmi\u015f veya k\u00fcfl\u00fc baklalar ayr\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.

Depolama \u00f6ncesi nemi \u00f6l\u00e7erek<\/strong> karar verin. I\u011fd\u0131r \u0130l Tar\u0131m ve Orman M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn teknik \u00f6zetinde uzun s\u00fcreli saklama i\u00e7in kabuklu \u00fcr\u00fcnde %9\u2019un alt\u0131<\/strong>, i\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcnde %7\u2019nin alt\u0131<\/strong> nem belirtilir. Nihai hedef; \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kabuklu veya i\u00e7 olu\u015funa, depolama s\u00fcresine ve al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kalite \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ayr\u0131ca do\u011frulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Depo kuru, temiz ve yeniden nemlenmeyi \u00f6nleyecek durumda olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Yer<\/figure>\n\n\n\n